Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. (European frog-bit, hereafter EFB) is a free-floating aquatic plant native to Europe, Asia, and Africa and invasive in North America and parts of Asia. It was first detected outside of cultivation in Canada in 1939, was documented in the United States in 1974, and by 1996 was found in southeast Michigan. European frog-bit has the potential to negatively impact the quality and use of waterbodies and is considered a high-risk invasive species by the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. An earlier version of this document was a product of an Environmental Protection Agency – Clean Water Act Section 205(j) grant between the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and Central Michigan University in 2014. It was significantly revised by Central Michigan University and reviewed by Michigan Departments of Environmental Quality and Natural Resources for the purposes of:
• Consolidating current science-based knowledge relative to the biology and ecology of EFB.
• Summarizing scientific literature and research efforts that inform management options for EFB in Michigan.
• Identifying future directions for research relative to successful EFB management in Michigan.